NOTES

Chapter 2
1. Alfred W. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), p. 73.

2. Karl Irving Faust, Campaigning in the Philippines (San Francisco: Hicks-Judd, 1899), p. 133, p. 144.

Chapter 3
1. Original citation for the poem: “The White Man's Burden,” McClure’s Magazine 12 (February 1899), pp. 290-291.

2. Original citation for the speech: Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” in The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses (New York: The Century Co., 1901), pp. 1-21.

Chapter 4
1. To come

2. To come

3. To come

4. David L. Fritz, “Before the ‘Howling Wilderness’: The Military Career of Jacob Hurd Smith,” Military Affairs 43 (December 1979), pp. 186-190.

5. Moorfield Storey, The Moro Massacre (Boston: Anti-Imperialist League, [1906]).

Gowing, Peter G. Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipinos, 1899-1920 (Quezon City: Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, 1977).

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________. “The Water Cure.” The New Yorker, February 25, 2008, pp. 38-43.

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McCoy, Alfred W. Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).

Miller, Stuart Creighton. “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1902 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).

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Welch, Jr., Richard E. “American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Indictment and the Reponse.” Pacific Historical Review 43 (May 1974), pp. 233-253.

Zwick, Jim, editor. Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1992).

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Brody, David. Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).

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Darrah, William Culp. Stereo Views: A History of Stereographs in America and Their Collection (Gettsyburg, Pa.: Times and News Pub. Co., 1964).

Fowles, Jib. “Stereography and the Standardization of Vision.” Journal of American Culture 17 (Summer 1994), pp. 89-93.

Ignacio, Abe, et al. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons (Manila: T’Boli Publishing, 2004).

McCoy, Alfred and Alfredo Roces. Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era, 1900-1941 (Quezon City: Vera-Reyes, 1985).

Perez, Christian. Catalogue of Philippine Stereoviews (Quezon City: WE-PRINT Graphics & Publication Services, 2002).

Rafael, Vicente L. White Love and Other Events in Filipino History (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000).

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Wexler, Laura. Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

Brown, Arthur Judson. The New Era in the Philippines (New York: F.H. Revell Co., [1903]).

Bryan, William S., editor. Our Islands and Their People as Seen with Camera and Pencil (New York: N.D. Thompson Pub. Co., 1899).[not available in full text online]

Church, A.M. Picturesque Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, Philippines with Views of the American Army and Navy (Springfield, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1899).

Condict, Alice Byram. Old Glory and the Gospel in the Philippines: Notes Gathered during Professional and Missionary Work (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1901).

Devins, John B. An Observer in the Philippines, or, Life in Our New Possessions (New York: American Tract Society, 1905).

Everett, Marshall, editor. Exciting Experiences in Our Wars with Spain, and the Filipinos (Chicago: Book Publishers Union, 1899).

Faust, Karl Irving. Campaigning in the Philippines (San Francisco: Hicks-Judd Co., 1899).

Folkmar, Daniel. Album of Philippine Types: Found in Bilibid Prison in 1903: Christians and Moros (Including a Few Non-Christians) (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 1904).

Givens, J.D. Scenes Taken in the Philippines, China, Japan, and on the Pacific, Relating to Soldiers (San Francisco: Hicks-Judd Co., 1912).

Halstead, Murat. The Story of the Philippines, The El Dorado of the Orient (New York: Western W. Wilson, 1898).

Hamm, Margherita Arlina. America’s New Possessions and Spheres of Influence (Chicago: F.Tennyson Neely, 1899).

Hannaford, Ebener. History and Description of the Picturesque Philippines (Springfield, Ohio: Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1900).

Mawson, Harry P., compiler. Leslie’s Official History of the Spanish-American War (Washington: n.p., 1899). [not available in full text online]

Millett, Francis David. The Expedition to the Philippines (New York: Harper and Bros., 1899).

Neely, Frank Tennyson. Fighting in the Philippines: Authentic Original Photographs (Chicago: F.T. Neely, 1899).

________. Neely’s Color Photos of America’s New Possessions (Chicago: Frank T. Neely, 1899).

________. Neely’s Panorama of Our New Possessions (Chicago: F. Tennyson Neely, 1898).

________. A Wonderful Reproduction of Living Scenes in Natural Color Photos of America’s New Possessions (Chicago: International View Co., 1901). [not available in full text online]

Rockett, Perley Fremont. Our Boys in the Philippines: A Pictorial History of the War (San Francisco: P.F. Rockett, 1899).

Stevens, Joseph Earle. Yesterdays in the Philippines (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898).

Stratemeyer, Edward. The Campaign of the Jungle, or, Under Lawton through Luzon (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1900).

Stuntz, Homer C. The Philippines and the Far East (New York: Eaton and Mains, 1904).

U.S. Army. 8th Corps. Souvenir of the 8th Army Corps Philippine Expedition: A Pictorial History of the Philippine Campaign (Manila: Press of Freedom Pub. Co., 1899).

Wilcox, Marrion, editor. Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines (New York: Harper, 1900).

Younghusband, Major G.J. The Philippines and Round About (New York: Macmillan, 1899).

LINKS

Southeast Asia Visions: A Collection of Historic Travel Narratives
Cornell University Libraries

Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
Arnaldo Dumindin

The Motion Picture Camera Goes to War
Library of Congress

Stereographs during the Fil-American War
Pinoy Kollector

The United States and Its Territories, 1870-1925: The Age of Imperialism
University of Michigan Libraries

SouthEast Asian Images and Texts
University of Wisconsin Digital Collections

CREDITS

“Photography & Power in the Colonial Philippines l” was developed by Visualizing Cultures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and presented on MIT OpenCourseWare.

MIT Visualizing Cultures:

John W. Dower
Project Director
Emeritus Professor of History

Shigeru Miyagawa
Project Director
Professor of Linguistics
Kochi Prefecture-John Manjiro Professor of Japanese Language and Culture

Ellen Sebring
Creative Director

Scott Shunk
Program Director

Andrew Burstein
Media Designer

Christopher Capozzola
Author, essay
Associate Professor of History
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences

SUPPORT

MIT Visualizing Cultures received generous funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Henry Luce Foundation, the Getty Foundation, Japan Foundation's Council for Global Partnership, National Endowment for the Humanities, and MIT's d'Arbeloff Fund for Innovation in Undergraduate Education and MIT Microsoft-funded iCampus project.