Appelbaum, Stanley. French Satirical Drawings from “LʼAssiette au Beurre” (New York: Dover Publications, 1978).

Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. The Boxers, China, and the World (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).

Brown, Arthur Judson. New Forces in Old China: An Inevitable Awakening (New York: F.H. Revell, 1904).

Brown, Frederick. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970).

Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).

Daggett, Aaron Simon. America in the China Relief Expedition (Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903).

Elliott, Jane E. Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002).

Esherick, Joseph. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).

Gambone, Robert L. Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009).

Hevia, James Louis. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003).

Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons (San Francisco: TBoli Pub. and Distributor, 2004). [View Extract]

Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines. 5 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938).

Smith, Arthur Henderson. China in Convulsion. 2 vols. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972).

Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955).

Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study (London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).

Articles

Bello, Walden. “U.S. Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific,” published originally in Peace Review 10:3, pp. 367-373 (1998). [Read Online]

Brewer, Susan. “Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.” The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 40, No. 1 (October 7, 2013).

Cullinane, M. Patrick. “Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 301-314 (2010).

Feng, Yongping, “The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.” Chinese Journal of International Politics 1 (1) pp. 83-108 (2006). (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005)

Faunce, Rev. W. H. P. “Signs of Promise.” The Advocate of Peace, pp. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). [Read Online]

Jones, Toby Craig. “The Laureate of Empire.” Raritan: A Quarterly Review. Vol. 32, No. 2. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014).

Klein, Thoralf. “Case Study: The Boxer War–The Boxer Uprising.” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (July 23, 2008). (ISSN 1961-9898)

Leonhard, Robert R. The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China, Summer 1900 (Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University).

Matthews, Roy T. “Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.” The Historian, Vol. 62, Issue 4, pp. 799–820 (June 2000).

Miller, Bonnie M. “The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898– 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the Minneapolis Journal) and Albert Wilbur Steele (of the Denver Post).” Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046)

Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War," The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009).

Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. “Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.” Geopolitics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 730-735 (2008). (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644)

Ricard, Serge. “An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Rooseveltʼs ʻspecial relationshipsʼ with France and Britain.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 202-212 (September 2010).

Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." International Journal of Comic Art 11.1 (2009) pp. 203–228.

Thompson, Roger R. “Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre” from The Boxers, China, and the World. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).

Tuffnell, Stephen. “ʻUncle Sam is to be Sacrificedʼ: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.” American Nineteenth Century History. Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 77-99 (2011). (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749)

Twain, Mark. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." The North American Review. Vol 172 (February 1901). [Read Online]

Vaughan, Christopher. “Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. [Read Online]

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. "ʻCivilizationʼ and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." Theory and Society 16(5):675 (1987).

Weber, Mark. “The Boer War Remembered.” The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 14-27 (May-June 1999).

American Humor Magazines at the Turn of the Last Century, Enoch Pratt Free Library

L’Assiette au Beurre, Bibliothèque nationale de France

Cartoons and Conquest
These political cartoons from the Abe Ignacio Collection of Filipiniana were published in The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons by Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, & Helen Toribo (San Francisco: T’Boli Publishing, 2004).

The Great Rapprochement: a selection of cartoon images

HarpWeek Explore History

Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Records

The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum

“Selected Newspaper Cartoon Artists, 1898-1909,” The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum

Puck & Judge Magazine / Spanish-American War

Spartacus Educational: Puck magazine
Spartacus Educational: Judge magazine

Simplicissimus online

United States Senate: Puck

William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library

CREDITS

“Civilization & Barbarism” was developed by Visualizing Cultures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in collaboration with Ellen Sebring (author, essay) and presented on MIT OpenCourseWare.


MIT Visualizing Cultures:

John W. Dower
Project Director
Emeritus Professor of History

Shigeru Miyagawa
Project Director
Professor of Linguistics
Kochi Prefecture-John Manjiro Professor of Japanese Language and Culture

Ellen Sebring
Creative Director

Scott Shunk
Program Director

Andrew Burstein
Media Designer

SUPPORT

The MIT Visualizing Cultures website received generous funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Henry Luce Foundation, the Getty Foundation, Japan Foundation's Council for Global Partnership, National Endowment for the Humanities, and MIT's d'Arbeloff Fund for Innovation in Undergraduate Education and MIT Microsoft-funded iCampus project.